Computer Systems

The fundamentals of computer systems design and organization are presented, and the conventional procedure for the execution of computer programs is described. An overview of the major features and interactions of the hardware and software components of modern computer systems is also included. Numerous computer systems have been designed and built to aid humans in information processing and numerical calculations. As a result, several models have emerged in the field of computer systems design. These models differ in the architecture of the processors, the underlying model of computation, the architecture of the main memory, or the techniques used to interconnect the basic resources within the computer. This article presents a summary of the most fundamental computer models. The performance analysis task of computer systems is touched upon to facilitate comparisons. Advances in the technology that integrates transistors on chips improve the performance of all design models by increasing the depth of the instruction execution pipelines and the number of functional units in processors, the speed of all major electronic components, the size of on-chip cache memories, etc.